List of academic ranks

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The world of Academia—that is, Scholars and Students in a Research and learning community associated with Higher education typically are defined by a rather rigid set of Ranks for Professors and other instructors. Those listed below refer specifically to Colleges and universities, although other institutions may follow a similar schema.

Contents

Argentina (National Universities)

Academic ranks

Ordinary professorships

  • Profesor Titular Plenario the only tenured faculty position
  • Profesor Titular
  • Profesor Asociado
  • Profesor Adjunto

Other professorships

  • Profesor Emérito a retired faculty member who demonstrated excellency in both teaching and researching
  • Profesor Consulto also a retired faculty member who provides assistance in specific knowledge areas
  • Profesor Honorario an honorary mostly ceremonial position

Temporary professorships

  • Profesor Invitado (without compensation)
  • Profesor Contratado (with compensation)

Teaching auxiliaries or assistants

  • Jefe de Trabajos Prácticos, Ayudante de Primera
  • Ayudante Diplomado
  • Ayudante de Segunda or Ayudante Alumno (normally for undergraduate students)

Administrative ranks

Rector and a Consejo Superior, are both elected by the Asamblea Universitaria, composed of professors, graduates (includes alumni, teaching auxiliaries and all other academic or research staff who do not qualify to vote as professors or undergraduate students) and undergraduate students elected by direct secret and compulsory vote.

The Consejo Superior designates several Secretarios to assist the Rector, and chooses one of its members to be the Vicerrector (the deputy to the Rector). Each faculty, school or college is headed by a Decano, designated by the Consejo Directivo or Consejo Académico, composed also by professors, graduates and undergraduate students. It also picks several Secretarios to assist the Dean on the daily business and the Vicedecano (deputy to the Dean).

Departments are chaired by a Director, which is assisted by Secretarios and a Director Adjunto (deputy to the Director). They have a Junta Departamental, the collegiate body which governs the department.

Australia and New Zealand

Academic ranks

  • Professor - Level E appointments, equivalent to Chair Professor in certain area in the North American universities.
  • Associate Professor and/or Reader - Level D appointments, equivalent to Professor in North American universities.
  • Senior Lecturer - Level C appointments, equivalent to Associate Professor in North American universities.
  • Lecturer - Level B appointments, equivalent to Assistant Professor in North American universities (Most universities now require applicants for Lecturer positions with PhD degree).
  • Associate or Assistant Lecturer, Senior Tutor, Tutor, Research Officer - Level A appointments.
Please note that, unlike the USA, the Australian public services or government organisations also employ a large number of academics or researchers. Different organisations have their own established title systems (e.g., principal scientist, senior officer etc). However, it is the level rather than the title determines the equivalent academic rank. With CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific & Industry Research Organisation) and most state governments, Level 4, equivalent to Postdoctoral Fellow or Associate Lecturer; Level 5, equivalent to Lecturer or Research Scientist; Level 6, equivalent to Senior Lecturer or Senior Scientist; Level 7, equivalent to Associate Professor; Level 8, equivalent to Professor; Level 9, Chief. The Western Australian state government introduced a specified calling system in 2008. Within this system, SC-Level 1, equivalent to Postdoctoral Fellow or Associate Lecturer; SC-Level 2, equivalent to Lecturer or Research Scientist; SC-Level 3, equivalent to Senior Lecturer or Senior Scientist; SC-Level 4, equivalent to Associate Professor; SC-Level 5, equivalent to Professor; SC-Level 6, Chief.

Administrative ranks

  • Visitor (titular)
  • Chancellor (titular)
  • Deputy Chancellor / Pro-Chancellor (titular)
  • Vice-Chancellor
  • Provost
  • Deputy Vice-Chancellor
  • Pro-Vice-Chancellor
  • Registrar
  • Dean (Normally Professor)
  • Deputy Dean; Associate Dean (Normally Professor or Reader)
  • Head of School (Normally Professor, Associate Professor, or Reader)
  • Program Director (Normally Senior Lecturer or above)

Belgium

The ranks may differ between the Flemish Community and the French Community, as education is a community matter in Belgium.

Academic ranks (Flemish community)

  • Gewoon hoogleraar (Ordinary Professor)
  • Hoogleraar (Professor)
  • Hoofddocent (Senior Lecturer)
  • Docent (Lecturer)
  • Doctor-assistant (postdoc research assistant)
  • Assistent (research assistant)

Administrative ranks (Flemish community)

  • Rector
  • Vice-Rector
  • Decaan (dean, i.e. head of a faculty)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Academic ranks

  • Demonstrator (grade VII/1 or VII/2, attending BSc/BSc)
  • Asistent (grade VII/1 or VII/2, BSc/MSc)
  • Visi Asistent (grade VII/1 or VII/2, MSc)
  • Docent (grade VIII,PhD-Reader)
  • Vanredni profesor (Associate Professor)
  • Redovni profesor (Full professor)

Administrative ranks

  • Rektor/Rector
  • Dekan fakulteta/Dean of the faculty
  • Sef katedre/Head of department

Brazil

At the University of Sao Paulo the academic rank system is:
  • Professor Titular (MS-6): equivalent to a "full professor" in the US
  • Professor Associado (MS-5): must hold a Livre Docente title (equivalent to a German Habilitation)
  • Professor Doutor (MS-3): must hold a doctorate; equivalent to an "assistant professor" in the US
  • Professor Assistante (MS-2): must hold a master's or equivalent degree
  • Auxiliar de Ensino (MS-1): only a bachelor's degree is required
In the Federal Universities the academic ranks receive other names:(In portuguese)
  • Professor Titular
  • Professor Associado, levels A, B and C (or I, II, III)
  • Professor Adjunto, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
  • Professor Assistante, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
  • Professor Auxiliar, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
More information: (In portuguese)

Bulgaria

Academic ranks

The Ranking System at the Sofia University

  • Assistant – Асистент - PhD
  • Senior Assistant – Старши Асистент
  • Chief Assistant – Главен Асистент
  • Docent – Доцент – Associate Professor
  • Professor – Професор – Full Professor

Administrative ranks

  • General Assembly
  • Academic Council
  • Council of the Rectors
  • Rector
  • Vice-Rectors
  • Assistant Rector
  • Secretary General
  • Council of the Deans
  • Control Council
  • Academic Ombudsman

Canada

Academic ranks

Titles for regular faculty (and faculty with special or temporary appointments):
  • Distinguished Professor or University Professor (Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University Professor Emeritus)
  • Professor or Full Professor (Research Professor, Visiting Professor, Adjunct Professor, Professor Emeritus)
  • Associate Professor (Research Associate Professor, Visiting Associate Professor, Adjunct Associate Professor)
  • Assistant Professor (Research Assistant Professor, Adjunct Assistant Professor)
  • Lecturer or Instructor (Sessional Lecturer or Sessional Instructor)
Traditionally, Assistant Professor is the entry-level rank for Tenured members of faculty.

Titles for non-faculty teaching and research personnel:

Academic administrators:
  • Dean (often also Full Professors)
  • Associate Dean (often also Full Professors)
  • Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Chairs of Academic Departments (usually Full Professors)
  • Graduate Coordinators
  • Undergraduate Coordinators

China, People's Republic of

Most universities in the People's Republic of China adopt a four-level academic rank system, i.e. Professor, Associate professor, Lecturer, and Teaching assistant. The American title of Assistant professor does not exist. Most PhD graduates will be appointed at the Lecturer level initially and be promoted to associate professorship after two years of teaching. However, people holding a doctorate from Western universities and with some working experience overseas will normally be appointed at a higher level, sometimes at the full professor level directly.

Academic ranks

Principal faculty ranks in the mainland of PR China are: Academic trainee ranks in the mainland of PR China are: Academic title awards for certain purposes:
  • Honorary Professor (in Chinese: 名誉教授, usually for people with great academic or social contribution)
  • Guest Professor (in Chinese: 客座教授, usually for famous scholars of other schools)
  • Distinguished Professor (in Chinese: 特聘教授, usually for people with great achievement in certain field)

Administrative ranks

  • President (in Chinese: 校長)
  • Vice-President (in Chinese: 副校長)
  • Registrar (in Chinese: 教務長) and Secretary of the party committee (in Chinese: 黨委書記)
  • Dean (in Chinese: 院長)
  • Deputy Dean or Associate Dean (in Chinese: 副院長) of schools and faculties
  • Associate Secretary of the party committee (in Chinese: 黨委副書記)
  • Director (in Chinese: 所長/主任) of academic centre and Director (in Chinese: 系主任) of academic departments

Cyprus

Academic ranks

Czech Republic and Slovakia

Administrative

  • Rektor (Rector), head of the University
  • Prorektor (Vice-Rector), typically 3 to 5 people are vice-rectors; the position is usually further specified by indicating domain a vice-rector is responsible for (e. g. research, communication, study-related issues)
  • Kvestor (Registrar, Bursar), a "manager" of the University
  • Děkan (Slovak: Dekan, English: Dean), head of a faculty
  • Proděkan (Slovak: Prodekan, English: Vice-Dean)
  • Ředitel (Slovak: Riaditeľ, English: Director), head of a sub-unit at a faculty (e.g. institute, research center)
  • Vedoucí katedry (Slovak: Vedúci katedry, English: Departmental Chair), sometimes at the same level as director

Academic

  • Profesor (Professor), both degree and position. Professors are appointed by the president after a successful accomplishment of řízení o udělení profesury (process of awarding a professorship). One of the requirements is an already accomplished docent degree.
  • Docent (Associate Professor), both degree and position. The degree is awarded by the rector after a certain amount of years of teaching and after a successful accomplishment of habilitace (a process concluded by a defense of a reviewed research manuscript and a public lecture).
  • Odborný asistent (lecturer / researcher), this title covers positions from lecturers to researchers. Requirements for lecturers / researchers vary, usually a Ph.D. is required.
  • Asistent (assistant lecturer), at least Master degree is required.

Denmark

Administrative positions:
  • Rektor (Rector)
  • Dekan (Dean), head of a faculty (human sciences, natural sciences etc.)
  • Institutleder (Department manager), head of a department (computer science, mathematics etc.)
Academic positions:
  • Professor
  • Lektor (Associate professor), time traditionally divided as 50-40-10 between teaching, research, and administration
  • Adjunkt (Assistant Professor), usually almost the same teaching/research/administration division as lektor, although sometomes a little more time for research
  • Post-doc, generally a research position, but with the possibility of teaching
  • Ekstern Lektor Part time teaching at university. Does not normally require a research degree (PhD or equivalent)

Egypt

  • MOEED (معيد), or Teaching Assistant.
  • MODARESS MOSAED (مدرس مساعد), Senior Teaching Assistant (with Master’s degree)
  • MODARESS (مدرس), equivalent to Assistant Professor in American Universities (with PhD)
  • OSTAZ MOSAED (أستاذ مساعد), equivalent to Associate Professor.
  • OSTAZ (أستاذ), equivalent to Professor (usually after minimum of five years serving as OSTAZ MOSAED)

Finland

There are a specific number of posts, which can be applied to when they are vacated or established. A Professor, for example, is a leader of a laboratory or a group. One of the idiosyncracies of the Finnish system is the absence of assistant and associate professors, as well as the limited number of full professorships.

  • Kansleri Chancellor (only in the Universities of Helsinki, Tampere, Turku and in Åbo Akademi).
  • Rehtori (Rector)
  • Vararehtori (Vice Rector)
  • Dekaani (Dean), osastonjohtaja (Head of Faculty)
  • Professori (Professor).
  • Dosentti (Adjunct Professor), is not necessarily permanently associated with the university but holds the right to teach (Latin: venia docendi) and supervise Ph.D. students, and has academic merits significantly exceeding a Ph.D. degree similarly to German Privatdozent and Swedish Docent.
  • Lehtori or yliopistonlehtori (Lecturer), teaching-oriented faculty position requiring a PhD.
  • Yliassistentti (Senior Assistant, Assistant Professor), post-doc or senior Ph. D student position), laboratorioinsinööri (Laboratory Engineer) a formally administrative position, the holders of which often conduct research and teach, however.
  • Assistantti (Assistant) and tutkija (Research Associate, Research Scientist) are Ph.D. student positions
  • Tutkimusapulainen (Research Assistant) is an undergrad or Master's student position
  • Ylioppilas (Student)

France

Main article: Academic rank in France

National Universities

  • Professeur agrégé (teaching in last classes o highschool, college and university).
  • Maître de Conférences (previously Maître Assistant) (i.e. Associate Professor)
  • Professeur des Universités (i.e. full professor)
Grandes Écoles
  • vacataire or chargés d'enseignements (i.e. Instructor)
  • professeur affilié (i.e. Adjunct professor)
  • professeur assistant (i.e. Assistant professor)
  • professeur associé (i.e. Associate professor)
  • professeur (i.e. Full professor)

Germany

Academic ranks

Appointment grades

  • Professor ("Ordinarius" W3, equivalent to full professor in U.S. system)
  • Ausserordentlicher Professor ("Extraordinarius" W2, equivalent to associate professor in U.S. system)
  • Hochschuldozent (W2, only in Baden-Württemberg)
  • Juniorprofessor (befristet) (W1)
  • Juniordozent (befristet) (W1, only in Baden-Württemberg)
  • Akademischer Rat/Oberrat/Direktor auf Lebenszeit (A13, A14, A15)
  • Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter auf Zeit, Akademischer Rat auf Zeit (TVöD, A13 a.Z.)
  • Akademischer Mitarbeiter auf Zeit (TVöD only in Baden-Württemberg)
  • Wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft (TdL)
  • Studentische Hilfskraft (TdL)

Non-appointment grades

The title Privatdozent (Priv.-Doz. or PD) is used to denote those who have obtained a Habilitation, but who have not formally been appointed as Professor. The latter abbreviation of Privatdozent must not be confused with the Ph.D..

The title Außerplanmäßiger Professor (apl. Prof.) can be conferred, in some German States, to a Privatdozent, who has been in service for several years, without formally being appointed as Professor.

Administrative ranks

  • Rektor, Präsident - Rector or President, highest representitive of the University or Polytechnic, elected
  • Prorektor, Vizepräsident, Prorector or Vice President, elected
  • Kanzler - Chancellor, administrative head, often a permanent job
  • Dekan - Dean, elected
  • Institutsdirektor - Head of department, elected

Greece

Academic ranks

  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Assistant Professor
  • Lecturer
  • Adjunct Lecturer or Adjunct Assistant Professor (a temporary employee with a short-term contract, usually for one semester, usually holder of a Ph.D. as described in the Greek Presidential Decree 407/1980. Adjunct Lecturers are sometimes called simply as "407", after the number of the Decree)
  • Teaching Assistant (This rank was abolished in 1982, but people holding it remain Teaching Assistants until retirement.)
The prefix of Professor is only assumed by Professors and Professors Emeriti, not by Associate, or Assistant Professors.

Administrative ranks

  • Rector
  • Vice-Rector
  • Secretary General
  • Dean
  • Deputy Dean
  • Chairman of the Department
  • Deputy Chairman of the Department
  • Director of the Section
The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors. The only exception is Secretary General, who is not a faculty member.

Hong Kong

Academic ranks

In the past, Hong Kong followed the British system (4 levels). In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence (professor, associate professor, and assistant professor). Institutions established in the 1980s and 1990s almost entirely follows the North American system, while older ones, notably The University of Hong Kong is in the process of transition. [1] Depending on institutions, the title of "Professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.

Administrative ranks

Hungary

Academic ranks - teaching stuff

At universities ("egyetem")

  • Professzor emeritus (emeritus professor, always with a special habilitation, and usually with a DSc. = Doctor of Science, a National Academy awarded title)
  • Egyetemi tanár (university professor, always with a special habilitation, and usually with a DSc.);
  • Egyetemi docens (reader (UK)/associate professor (US)/professor, always with Ph.D.)
  • Adjunktus (senior lecturer (UK)/assistant professor(US)/associate professor, always with Ph.D. since 2005 or with rank of mestertanár = "master lecturer")
  • Tanársegéd (graduate teaching assistant (UK)/ instructor (US), generally without PhD.)

At college level ('főiskola')

  • Főiskolai tanár (college professor, always with a Ph.D., and usually with a special habilitation)
  • Főiskolai docens (college reader (UK)/ college associate professor (US), usually with Ph.D.)
  • Adjunktus (senior lecturer (UK)/assistant professor(US), sometimes without a Ph.D.)
  • Tanársegéd (graduate teaching assistant (UK)/instructor (US), generally without Ph.D.).

Academic ranks - research stuff

At universities

  • Kutatóprofesszor (honored professor with special habilitation, and usually with D.Sc.)
  • Tudományos tanácsadó (research professor with special habilitation, usually with D.Sc.)
  • Tudományos főmunkatárs (honored senior research fellow with Ph.D.)
  • Tudományos munkatárs (associate research fellow with Ph.D.)
  • Tudományos segédmunkatárs (funded research assistant usually without Ph.D.)

Administrative ranks

  • Rektor (Rektor - at least with a "docens" rank, usually an "egyetemi tanár" with D.Sc.)
  • Rektorhelyettes (Vice-Rektor)
  • Főigazgató (Deputy Principal)
  • Dékán (Dean of Faculty)
  • Dékánhelyettes (Vice-Dean)
  • Gazdasági főigazgató
  • Tanszékvezető (Head of Department)

Indonesia

Academic ranks

There are 9 ranks, in total, which can be categorized to 4 main levels.

Level 1: Asisten Ahli (= Teaching Assistant) Level 2: Lektor (= Assistant Professor) Level 3: Lektor Kepala (= Associate Professor) Level 4: Profesor (= Professor)

Level 1: Asisten Ahli 1. Asisten Ahli - Rate 100 2. Asisten Ahli - Rate 150

Level 2: Lektor 1. Lektor - Rate 200 1. Lektor - Rate 300

Level 3: Lektor Kepala 1. Lektor Kepala - Rate 400 2. Lektor Kepala - Rate 550 3. Lektor Kepala - Rate 700

Level 4: Profesor 1. Profesor - Rate 850 2. Profesor - Rate 1050

Iran

Academic ranks

  • Ostad-e Momtaz (Distinguished Professor)
  • Ostad (Professor)
  • Daneshyar (Associate Professor)
  • Ostadyar (Assistant Professor)
  • Morabbi (Instructor)

Emeritus ranks

Administrative ranks

Iraq

Holders of Master and PH.D. degree can be:

  • Professor
  • Assistant Professor
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant Lecturer

Israel

  • Professor Emeritus/Emerita (Full Professor who has retired)
  • Full Professor [Hebrew: "Professor Meen HaMinyan"]
  • Professor [Hebrew: "Professor Chaver"]
  • Senior Lecturer (Tenured position)
  • Lecturer

Italy

Academic ranks

Faculty (all these positions are tenured or tenure-track):
  • Professore Emerito (Full Professor after retirement age whose high importance in academic field has been credited by the Faculty Council: a Professore Emerito can work at a university for life, including after retirement age; however, he has no teaching duties)
  • Professore Ordinario, but more precisely: Professore di I fascia (Full Professor; tenured position)
  • Professore Straordinario (a professor taking his three years of testing before being confirmed as Full Professor)
  • Professore Associato, but more precisely: Professore di II fascia (Associate Professor; tenured position)
  • Ricercatore confermato (Assistant Professor or Researcher; tenured position)
  • Ricercatore non confermato (Assistant Professor or Researcher with no tenure; a researcher taking his three years of testing before being confirmed as Researcher)
  • Assistente (The former second level of permanent positions before Ricercatore replaced it in the early 1980s. No positions of Assistente were created since then, but existing personnel kept the title)
Non-faculty and temporary:
  • Professore a contratto (Professor with a temporary appointment for a given course or lecture series)
  • Professore incaricato (Temporary Professor, as above)
  • Assegnista di Ricerca (Research fellow with a temporary position, usually holding a Ph.D. title)
  • Dottorando di Ricerca (Ph.D. student)

Administrative ranks

  • Rettore (Rector)
  • Prorettore (Vice-Rector)
  • Preside (Dean of Faculty)
  • Presidente di Consiglio di Corso di Laurea (Head of a Bachelor/Msc curriculum on a given topic)
  • Direttore di Dipartimento (Head of Department)

Japan

Principle full-time "permanent" faculty ranks are: Principle full-time "non-permanent" faculty ranks are:
  • Assistant Professor/Lecturer (equivalent to Senior Research Associate or Lecturer in North America),Kohshi (講師 ?)
  • Assistant Professor/Research Associate (equivalent to Research Associate in North America), Jokyō (助教 ?)
The Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology revamped Japan's university faculty titles in the mid-2000s, presumably to emulate the North American system. Still, there is no formal system of tenure in general, and Junkyōju and Kyōju are frequently appointed with the presumption of life-time emoloyment.

One may be promoted from Junkyōju to Kyōju, and the process is said to be largely political. Koshi and Jokyō are typically not eligible to be promoted to Junkyōju (or, subsequently, Kyōju), as these positions are considered temporary. Research resources are tylically not made available to individuals with the Koshi title; also, a Jokyō is typically expected to assist the research agendas of a Junkyōju or a Kyōju. As such, Koshi and Jokyō are frequently in search of employment as Junkyōju elsewhere.

Macau SAR

At the University of Macau there are four levels of faculty rank, namely

At the Macau Polytechnic Institute there are three levels
  • professor (professor coordenador)
  • associate professor (professor adjuncto)
  • lecturer (assistante)

Republic of Macedonia

  • Brucosh, Бруцош-(First Grade Student)
  • Student, Студент-(Regular Student)
  • Apsolvent, Апсолвент-(Last Year Student)
  • Young Assistant, Помлад Асистент-(B.Sc.)
  • Assistant, Асистент-(M.Sc.)
  • Docent-(Ph.D.)
  • Vonreden Professor, Вонреден Професор-(associate professor)
  • Professor, Професор-(Full Time Professor)
  • Academic, Академик-(Research Arch Professor)

Malaysia

Staff ranking in Malaysian public universities are based on the British system as a legacy of the British colonising the country. There are only slight variations among the universities but the general ranking is as follows

Academic positions (in descending hierarchy)

  • Profesor DiRaja (Royal Professor, usually retired professors, title bestowed by King)
  • Profesor Emeritus (usually retired professors)
  • Senior Professor (a newly introduced rank mainly to denote salary and hierarchical difference)
  • Professor
  • Profesor Madya (Associate Professor)
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer/Tutor/Assistant Lecturer
  • Instructor (with pre-degree qualifications)
Administrative (in descending hierarchy)
  • Chancellor (Federal/State Ruler)
  • Pro Chancellor (non-executive)
  • Vice Chancellor
  • Deputy Vice Chancellor
  • Assistants Vice Chancellor
  • Deans of Faculties
  • Head of Programme

Mexico

The model for the classification of academic positions is the National Autonomous University of Mexico

Academic positions (in descending hierarchy)

  • Assistant Professor
  • Subject Professor
  • Full Time Professor
  • Research Professor
  • Professor Emeritus
The last classification in only given to those academics that have a prominent career and has at least 25 years of service

Netherlands

The Dutch system is comparable to the U.S. system, although Ph.D candidates are usually employed by the university. However, some call for a general introduction of Ph.D student tracks, where students are given a scholarship instead of being paid wages.

Faculty Positions

  • Universiteitshoogleraar (a distinguished full professor)
  • Hoogleraar 1 (a senior full professor, leading a large department or university institute)
  • Hoogleraar 2 (a junior full professor, leading a research group)
  • Universitair Hoofddocent (an associate professor)
  • Universitair Docent (an assistant Professor)
  • Onderzoeker / Postdoc (a senior research fellow; postdoctoral fellow)
  • Junior Onderzoeker / Assistent in Opleiding / Promovendus (a junior researcher; Ph.D candidate employed by the university)
  • Docent (Lecturer, teaching staff usually not holding a Ph.D)
  • Student Assistent (Research or Teaching Assistant, (under)graduate student employed by university for research or teaching activities)
Administrative position
  • Rector Magnificus (Head of research and education of a university)
  • Decaan (dean; head of research and education of a faculty/school)
  • Department Chair
Only full professors (including extraordinary professors) are allowed to carry the abbreviation 'prof.'. Although unlikely, it is possible for someone to become Rector Magnificus or Dean without being a full professor. In such cases, usually an honorary 'prof.'-title is granted for the duration of the office, however without the prerogatives usually attached to a full professorship.

New Zealand

see under Australia and New Zealand (above)

Norway

Elected faculty positions:
  • Rektor (Rector; one per university; usually assisted by prorektor and sometimes viserektor)
  • Dekan or dekanus (males)/dekana (females) (Dean; one per faculty), sometimes assisted by a prodekan)
Professorial ranks:
  • Professor (full professor)
  • Professor emeritus/emerita (retired professor; unofficial title conferred to all former full professors, regardless of how they are currently employed)
  • Professor II (Part-time professor; professors II are often full professors in another institution than the one in which they are professor II, or employed in other positions, for instance as a consultant at a university hospital)
Postdoctoral ranks:
  • Dosent (Reader; abolished at universities in 1985 (when all docents became full professors), today mostly used in professional colleges)
  • Førsteamanuensis (associate professor)
  • Førstelektor (senior lecturer)
  • Postdoktor (senior research fellow; postdoctoral fellow)
Postgraduate ranks:
  • Amanuensis (assistant professor; rarely used in universities, somewhat more common in professional colleges)
  • Universitetslektor (university lecturer; lecturers in professional colleges are called høgskolelektor)
  • Stipendiat (research fellow)
  • Vitenskapelig assistent (research assistant; usually a graduate student)

Poland

Academic posts

Academic ranks in Poland are divided into two separate tracks:

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)

  • (pl asystent) - research-and-teaching assistant / research-and-teaching fellow (hold master degree)
  • (pl adiunkt) - assistant professor (hold PhD)
  • (pl docent) - associate professor (hold PhD or post-doc degree), (a new position since 2007, optional and only in some universities, usually in research institutes and medical colleges)
  • (pl profesor nadzwyczajny) - associate professor (hold post-doc degree, according to German nomenctarure sometimes called "professor extraordinarius"
  • (pl profesor zwyczajny) - professor, sometimes called "professor ordinarius"
and also for a special purpose:

  • (pl profesor wizytujący)- visiting professor
  • (pl profesor emerytowany)- professor emeritus
[NOTE: Please be careful, because "profesor" in Poland is a "scientific title" (degree like PhD) as well as the academic post, so there are a lot of troubles with the translation.]

Teaching staff: (lower rank)

  • (pl instruktor) - instructor (sport)
  • (pl lektor) - instructor, foreign language teacher
  • (pl wykładowca) - lecturer
  • (pl starszy wykładowca) - senior lecturer

Elected or nominated posts

Elected faculty positions:

  • Rector (Rektor) - the principal head of the university (one per university); usually assisted by several deputy rectors (pl prorektor)
  • Dean (Dziekan); the principal head of the Faculty (one per faculty), usually assisted by several deputy deans (pl prodziekan);
  • Head (Template:Kierownik) - the head of the Institute/Department/Chair (one per organizational unit)

Portugal

Academic ranks

Both Professor Associado and Professor Auxiliar may have Habilitation, while that extra degree is mandatory to all applicants to the rank of Professor Catedrático. This is an additional degree to which one can apply to usually years after the PhD (similar to the French Agrégation). Agregação is a two days exam based on Curriculum vitae evaluation and a public lecture, where the candidate is evaluated by secret vote by a large number of other full professors where the Professors insert a white or a black sphere into a bag according to his or her decision.

The 3 ranks of professors may also be hold by invited professors, according to the rank, coming from out of the university.

Portuguese universities still have some few other teaching staff in two ranks not holding a PhD. These two ranks have been extinguished in 2009 and will vanish after all the ongoing contracts terminate in the next few years.

Romania

Administrative ranks

  • Rector ("Rector"; one per university; usually assisted by a "Prorector")
  • Dean ("Decan"; one per faculty; assisted by a "Prodecan")
  • Head of Department ("Şef de Catedră"; one per Department)

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)

  • professor ("profesor")
  • associate professor ("conferenţiar")
  • assistant professor ("lector" or "şef de lucrări")
and also for a special purpose:
  • visiting professor ("profesor vizitator")
  • professor emeritus ("profesor emerit" or "profesor consultant")

Teaching staff (lower rank)

  • teaching assistant ("asistent")
  • junior teaching assistant ("preparator")

Russia

Administrative positions: On a par with Rector, some universities has President Position, but it’s usually honored position.

Academic department heads and chairs serve the same function, and there may also be associate and assistant department heads or chairs (though this is unusual). The term "Department Head" usually indicates the administrator is elected to the post by the faculty of the department, while the term "Department Chair" usually means the person is appointed by the dean without election by the faculty.

Academic positions:

  • Dean
  • Chair (head) of a department
  • Professor (Full Professor), usually Doctor of Sc.
  • Associate Professor (dozent, доцент), usually Cand. of Sc.
  • Lecturer - time divided equally between research and teaching (it can be both Professor or Dozent)
  • Senior instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
  • Instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
  • Assistant Professor (usually first academic level after Cand. of Sc. dissertation defence)
  • Research Assistant (research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally regarded as administrative staff rather than faculty).

South Africa

Academic ranks

Administrative ranks

In Afrikaans-speaking universities the terms Rector and Vice-Rector are common, whereas English-speaking universities tend to favour the terms Principal and Vice-Principal. The use of Deputy Vice-Chancellor seems to be phasing out Pro-Vice-Chancellor.

Spain

Academic ranks

Tenured:
Non-tenured:
Other positions:
Teaching positions
Research-only positions

Administrative ranks

(University)
  • Rector (necessarily a Chair Professor)
  • Vicerectors
  • General Secretary
  • Manager,
Faculties, University Schools and Technical Schools
  • Dean (Faculty) or Head (University or Technical School)
  • Vicedeans or Deputy Heads
  • Secretary
Research Institutes
  • Head of Research Institute
  • Deputy Head of Research Institute
  • Secretary of Research Institute
Departaments
  • Head of Department
  • Deputy Head of Department
  • Secretary of department
Honorary Positions (Only in Catholic Universities)
  • Grand Chancellor
  • Vicechancellor

Sri Lanka

Academic ranks

Administrative ranks

Sweden

Main article: Academic rank in Sweden

Academic ranks

  • Professor
  • Tillförordnad professor / Adjungerad professor / Gästprofessor
  • Docent
  • Lektor
  • Forskningsingenjör / PostDoc / Forskare / Forskarassistent
  • Adjunkt

Administrative ranks

  • Rektor
  • Prorektor
  • Vice-rektor
  • Dekan, Dekanus
  • Prefekt

Serbia

Academic ranks
  • Asistent (grade VII/1 or VII/2, BSc/MSc)
  • Docent (grade VIII,PhD-Reader)
  • Vanredni profesor (Associate Professor)
  • Profesor (Full professor)
  • Profesor Emeritus
Administrative ranks
  • Rektor/Rector
  • Dekan fakulteta/Dean of the faculty
  • Sef katedre/Head of department

Switzerland

German-language universities of Switzerland

  • ...

French-language universities of Switzerland

  • Professeur ordinaire (full professor)
  • Professeur extraordinaire
  • Professeur invité
  • Professeur associé (associate professor)
  • Professeur assistant (assistant professor)
  • Maître-Assistant (Assistant professor or Senior lecturer)
  • Assistant (Lecturer, usually a graduate student)
  • Moniteur (Undergraduate student)

Taiwan

Academic ranks

  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Assistant Professor (Assistant Professor and above are mainly for people who hold a PhD degree. Some are promoted to this rank by distinctive industrial performance.)
  • Lecturer

Thailand

Academic ranks

  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor ("Named Chair")
  • Professor ("Full Professor")
  • Associate Professor
  • Assistant Professor
  • Lecturer
There are also Clinical Professor, Adjunct Professor and Adjunct Lecturer positions.

Administrative ranks

  • President or Rector
  • Dean or Director
  • Department Head

Turkey

Academic ranks

  • Ordinaryüs Profesör
  • Profesör
  • Doçent, equivalent to Associate Professor
  • Yardımcı Doçent, equivalent to Assistant Professor
  • Öğretim Görevlisi, equivalent to Lecturer
  • Okutman, equivalent to Instructor
  • Araştırma Görevlisi, equivalent to Research Assistant

Administrative ranks

  • Rektör, Rector or President (Professors)
  • Rektör Yardımcısı, Vice-Rector or Vice-President (Professors)
  • Fakulte Dekanı, Dean of the Faculty (Professors)
  • Dekan Yardımcısı, Vice-Dean or Associate Dean (often also Professors)
  • Bölüm Başkanı, Head of Department (often also Professors)
  • Ana Bilim Dalı Başkanı, Chair of Academic Programs (often also Professors)

United Kingdom

Academic ranks

Teaching, research, and scholarship career pathway

Pre-/non-career grade
  • Assistant Lecturer, Demonstrator, Seminar Leader, Associate Lecturer, Graduate Teaching Assistant,
  • Visiting Professor Usually unpaid; distinguished individual with formal input into education and/or research, allowed to use the title 'Visiting Professor' (but not 'Professor) for the duration of formal arrangement.

Research career pathway

Pre-/non-career grade

Emeritus ranks

  • Professor : Emeritus Professor
  • Reader : Emeritus Reader
  • Senior Lecturer : Senior Fellow
  • Lecturer : Fellow

Administrative ranks

There are two systems of administrative ranks - one for England, Wales and Northern Ireland and one for Scotland.

England, Wales, and Northern Ireland

Scotland

United States

Main article: Academic rank in the United States

Academic ranks

Tenure-track and tenured faculty typically pursue both teaching as well as research. The balance between the two depends on the primary focus of the institution. The following ranks are found at American colleges and universities:

  • Professor Emeritus (male) or Professor Emerita (female) (a title conferred at retirement upon professors who have made significant contributions to their field and/or institution)
  • University Professor or Institute Professor or Regents Professor (a special title not used by all universities)
  • Distinguished Professor (usually a "Named Chair"; not used by all universities)
  • Professor ("Named Chair"; that is, the title 'Professor' is preceded by the name of a person who has endowed a chair, such as "Sterling Professor of Playwriting"; not used by all universities; may be a tenured or visiting professorial rank)
  • Professor ("Full Professor", a tenured rank; this title is used by all institutions)
  • Associate Professor (generally a tenured rank; some institutions award tenure only to Full Professors.)
  • Assistant Professor (usually tenure-track; always the lowest rank of tenure-track faculty)
  • Assistant Professor in Residence or Faculty in Residence (non tenure-track; teaching-track faculty, considered a permanent position in an institution, and most likely has potential for promotion, to Associate or Professor in Residence. These individuals hold a PhD or terminal degree)
  • Adjunct Professor (an individual hired by an institution, on a temporary or limited-term basis, in order to teach a specific class or subject, for a specific term. Invariably, these individuals hold a Ph.D. and are current practitioners in their field.)
  • Visiting Professor (as the name suggests, a professor visiting from another institution to teach for a limited term.)
  • Professor of Practice (also Associate Professor of Practice, and Assistant Professor of Practice; non-tenure positions for professionals without traditional academic credentials, such as a Ph.D., and career paths; used by some universities to provide higher status and salaries to individuals who previously worked in professional settings)
  • Lecturer (Generally have a Ph.D. or a terminal master's degree -- MBA, MFA, MPH, MPA, MSW, etc. -- and are non-tenured, focusing solely on teaching at the undergraduate or master's level. Some institutions may use "Lecturer" and "Instructor" interchangeably.)
  • Instructor (These individuals are on a non-tenured track, do not possess a Ph.D., and are generally not assigned to any institution research. Their primary function is to teach, part- or full-time. Generally, they are limited to teaching undergraduate students.)
  • Postdoctoral Fellow
  • Postdoctoral Associate
  • Fellow, Scholar, Teaching Fellow, or Visiting Fellow (Generally function as an instructor while working toward a Ph.D., or as postdoctoral research experience; usually funded by an endowment or scholarship.)
  • Research Associate (Graduate students who are sponsored by a professor or institution and tasked with conducting specific research for said professor or institution.)
  • Research Assistant (Usually are undergraduate students doing an internship, or graduate students working under an assistantship at an institution.)
  • Teaching Assistant (This rank is usually describes students who are assisting educators with administrative tasks. More commonly, this rank is given to graduate students who are teaching a course on a professor's behalf, or providing supplemental instruction/tutoring for a specific class. This rank is sometimes used interchangeably with "Teaching Fellow", and some universities distinguish Teaching Assistants from Teaching Fellows, with the latter being a higher rank.)

Administrative ranks

Officers of the corporation

  • President or Chancellor
  • Provost (sometimes called 'Chancellor', or 'President' or 'Warden')
  • Associate Provost (rare)
  • Assistant Provost (assists the Provost, as do any associates; not superior to vice presidents)
  • Vice-Chancellors or Vice Presidents (of Academic Affairs, Student Affairs, Finance, etc.)
  • Associate Vice-Chancellor or Associate Vice President
  • Assistant Vice-Chancellor or Assistant Vice President

Academic administrators

  • Deans (often also Full Professors)
  • Associate Deans (often also Full Professors)
  • Assistant Deans
  • Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Chairs or Heads of Academic Departments

Venezuela

Academic Ranks

  • Titular Professor (Profesor Titular)
  • Associated Professor (Profesor Asociado)
  • Aggregate Professor (Profesor Agregado)
  • Assistant Professor (Profesor Asistente)
  • Instructor (Instructor)

Dedication Rank

  • Exclusive Dedication Professor (Profesor a Dedicación Exclusiva)
  • Full Time Professor (Profesor a Tiempo Completo)
  • Contracted Professor (Porfesor a Tiempo Convencional - Academic Rank is usually optional)

Administrative Ranks (Public National)

  • University Council (Concejo Universitario - Órgano Colegiado)
  • Rector or Chairman (Rector)
  • University Secretary or Registar (Secretario)
  • Academic Vicerector (Vicerrector Académico)
  • Administrative Vicerector (Vicerrector Administrativo)
    • Faculty Council (Concejo de Facultad - Órgano Colegiado)
    • Dean (Decano - One per Faculty)
    • Vice-Dean (vicedecano - One per Faculty - It's optional)
    • Academic Council (Concejo Académico - Órgano Colegiado)
    • Dean's Council (Concejo Decanal - Órgano Colegiado)
      • School Council (Concejo de Escuela - Órgano Colegiado)
      • Principal (Director - One per School)
      • Vice-principal (Subdirector - One per School - It's optional)
        • Chief of Departament (Jefe de Departamento)
          • Chief of Chair (Jefe de Cátedra)

Other Professors

  • Professor-Researcher (Profesor Investigador)
  • Researcher (Investigador)
  • Retired Professor (Profesor Retirado)
  • Ad Honorem Professor (Profesor Ad Honorem)
  • Consultant Professor (Profesor Consultante)
  • Visiting Professor (Profesor Visitante)
  • Emergency Teacher (Emergancia Docente)

Auxiliary and Lab Assistants

  • Auxiliary Teacher I (Auxiliar Docente I)
  • Auxiliary Teacher II (Auxiliar Docente II)
  • Auxiliary Teacher III (Auxiliar Docente III)
  • Auxiliary Teacher IV (Auxiliar Docente IV)
  • Auxiliary Teacher V (Auxiliar Docente V)

References

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